1. How Many Scientists Fabricate and Falsify Research? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Survey Data
A pooled weighted average of 1.97% of scientists admitted to have fabricated, falsified or modified data or results at least once –a serious form of misconduct by any standard– and up to 33.7% admitted other questionable research practices. In surveys asking about the behaviour of colleagues, admission rates were 14.12% for falsification, and up to 72% for other questionable research practices.
Considering that these surveys ask sensitive questions and have other limitations, it appears likely that this is a conservative estimate of the true prevalence of scientific misconduct.
Overall, admission rates are consistent with the highest estimates of misconduct obtained using other sources of data, in particular FDA data audits. However, it is likely that, if on average 2% of scientists admit to have falsified research at least once and up to 34% admit other questionable research practices, the actual frequencies of misconduct could be higher than this.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0005738
2. Drug studies skewed toward study sponsors
An analysis of pharmaceutical industry drug trials shows that results often favor the firms sponsoring the study.
https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna12275329