Pruning Berry Bushes

Pruning Berry Bushes

Every berry bush in your yard follows a different pruning logic. Treat them the same way and you cut off this year’s harvest or leave dead wood choking out the productive stems.

One question settles each one: which canes carry this year’s fruit.

Blueberry
Best fruit comes from canes that are a few years old. After about six years a cane turns thick and gray-barked with sparse small berries. Remove one or two of the oldest trunks at the base each spring and let fresh shoots replace them. A mature bush wants six to eight main canes of mixed ages

Raspberry
The cane type changes the whole approach:

– Summer-bearing types fruit on last year’s canes. Those spent canes are gray and brittle by spring — cut them all at ground level. Then thin the new green canes to the four or five strongest per foot of row

– Ever-bearing types fruit on the current season’s growth. The simplest method is to mow everything to the ground in early spring and let the row regenerate for one heavy fall crop

Blackberry
Same principle as summer raspberry. Canes that fruited last year are done — gray and papery while this year’s canes are green or reddish. Remove the spent ones at the base. On upright varieties, shorten the side branches on new canes to concentrate berry size

Currant and Gooseberry
Both fruit best on two- and three-year-old wood. Remove canes older than three years each spring. Keep three or four canes of each age class so the bush stays permanently productive without losing a full crop year

The canes that fruited are finished. The canes that grew last year are loaded. The canes emerging now are next year’s investment. Three ages, three roles — pruning is just deciding who stays.

Liz Murray

Some people are stellar examples. This is one of them.

Liz Murray

Some people are stellar examples. This is one of them.

She chose the subway token over the slice of pizza. She was starving. That choice changed everything.

Elizabeth Murray stood at her mother’s grave on a frozen December morning in 1996. She was sixteen years old. The coffin was donated pine. Someone had written her mother’s name in black marker—and spelled it wrong. There was no money for flowers. No money for anything. Just a crumpled photograph in Liz’s coat pocket: her mother at seventeen, smiling, before the world took it all away.

Liz made herself a promise that day. Her life would look nothing like this.

She was born in the Bronx in 1980 to parents who loved her desperately and could not take care of her. Both were addicts—cocaine and heroin ruled the household. Her mother Jean was legally blind, which meant a monthly welfare check. The first of every month, there was food. Music. Life. By day five, the money was gone. For the next three weeks, Liz and her sister ate mayonnaise sandwiches. When the eggs ran out, they ate ice cubes. The cold, Liz said later, felt enough like eating to quiet the hunger.

She watched her parents shoot up in the kitchen. They didn’t hide it. Once, her mother stole five dollars from Liz’s birthday card—money sent by her grandmother—and used it for drugs. When Liz confronted her, Jean collapsed in tears, begging forgiveness.

Liz forgave her. She always did.

At eleven, her mother told her she had AIDS.

Everything unraveled slowly, then all at once. Her parents separated. Liz bounced between her father’s apartment, her grandfather’s house, a group home, the streets. School became impossible—not just because of the chaos, but because the other kids mocked her unwashed clothes. It was easier to disappear.

At fifteen, her world ended. Her father moved into a homeless shelter. Three weeks before Christmas 1996, her mother died of AIDS and tuberculosis in a hospital bed.

Liz had nowhere to go.

She learned how to survive. The D train was warmest at 2 AM—she rode it in circles to stay out of the cold. She slept in apartment hallways, on friends’ couches, in parks. She ate what she could find. But somewhere deep inside, something was calculating. Connecting dots. She saw the path her mother’s choices had carved, and she refused to follow it.

She went looking for a school.

One day, she reached into her pocket and counted what she had: exactly enough for either a subway token to a school interview or a slice of pizza. She was so hungry her hands shook. She bought the token.

The man across the desk was Perry Weiner, founder of Humanities Preparatory Academy in Manhattan. He listened. He gave her a seat.

Nobody at school knew she was homeless. She hid it completely—arriving early, never missing class, doing homework in subway stations by fluorescent light. She loved learning with a hunger that matched the one in her stomach. The classroom was the only place that made sense.

She did four years of high school in two. Graduated top of her class of 158 with a 95 average.

Her teacher took her to visit Harvard. Liz walked onto the campus and felt something shift inside her. Her teacher said: “It’s a reach. But it’s not impossible.”

She found the New York Times scholarship—twelve thousand dollars a year for students who had overcome extraordinary obstacles. The application asked her to describe those obstacles. For the first time in her life, she told the whole truth.

The morning her essay was published, Liz arrived at school to find the lobby full of strangers. Teachers. Students. Neighbors who’d read her story. Someone brought food. Someone brought money. Someone offered her a couch.

From that day forward, she never slept on the street again.

She was one of six students—out of three thousand applicants—to win that scholarship.

Harvard admitted her in 1999.

But the story didn’t end there. Three years into college, her father—who had gotten sober—was dying of AIDS. Liz left Harvard to care for him. She sat with him until he died in 2006. Then she went back. She finished her degree in 2009.

She became a speaker, a counselor, an advocate for homeless teenagers. She named her mentoring organization The Arthur Project, after the upstairs neighbor who was the first person to believe in her.

Oprah gave her the first-ever Chutzpah Award for women who show impossible courage. Her memoir, Breaking Night, became a New York Times bestseller, translated into twelve languages. A Lifetime movie about her life earned three Emmy nominations.

And here’s the part people struggle to understand: she never blamed her parents. She said they were good people with a disease stronger than they were. She kept that crumpled photograph of her mother—young, smiling, full of hope—in her pocket for years.

She was homeless at fifteen.

She got into Harvard at eighteen.

She did her homework on the subway.

Her name is Liz Murray. And she chose the subway token.

The Case For Organic Mushrooms

The Case For Organic Mushrooms

The Environmental Working Group puts mushrooms on the Clean Fifteen at #14 among fruits and vegetables with the lowest pesticide residues, but this doesn’t mean mushrooms don’t have pesticide residues.

The U.S. government’s Pesticide Data Program found residues of the anti-mold pesticide thiabendazole in 54.5 percent of conventionally grown mushrooms.

The EPA classifies thiabendazole as likely to be carcinogenic when doses are high enough to disrupt thyroid hormones. According to the EPA’s assessment, thiabendazole also harms the immune and nervous systems. The European Food Safety Authority determined that thiabendazole is associated with adverse effects on thyroid hormone function. If we’re concerned about the health effects on farm workers and rural communities in addition to consumers, we shouldn’t just be looking at pesticide residues per pound of produce, we should also be looking at pesticide usage per acre of farmland.

If you look at pesticide residues per pound of produce, as the Environmental Working Group does, mushrooms make the Clean Fifteen, but if you look at pesticides per acre of farmland, as the Pesticide Action Network has done, mushrooms would be #2 on the Dirty Dozen, second only to potatoes.

We need to keep in mind that the damage from conventional farming doesn’t end at our plates — even produce that tests residue-free was grown with chemicals that poison our waterways, deplete our soil, and silently devastate wildlife along the way. The organic food we purchase or grow isn’t just a personal health choice, it’s a vote for and a contribution to a food system that doesn’t gamble with humanity’s most critical medicines — or the health of the planet we all share.

https://organicconsumers.org/the-clean-fifteen-list-and-how-you-measure-pesticides-changes-everything/

Brain Cleaning Massage

Brain Cleaning Massage

Scientists figured out how to *double* brain waste clearance just by massaging the skin.

The discovery may be the future of Alzheimer’s prevention.
Scientists have discovered a non-invasive way to enhance the brain’s natural waste-clearing system, which could open new doors for treating neurological diseases like Alzheimer’s.

Researchers at the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) demonstrated in mice that gently stimulating lymphatic vessels beneath the skin of the face and neck significantly boosts cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow—a critical mechanism for flushing out harmful substances from the brain. Using a specially designed mechanical stimulator, the team was able to double CSF outflow and restore drainage levels in aged mice, without drugs or surgery.

This breakthrough offers a potential new approach for safely improving brain health in aging populations.

The researchers also identified previously unknown drainage routes from the brain to superficial lymph nodes through facial lymphatics—routes that remain functional even in older animals.

These findings complete the anatomical map of CSF outflow and suggest the feasibility of wearable or clinical devices to enhance brain waste clearance. While more research is needed to determine its long-term effects and application in human patients, the team is optimistic that this gentle mechanical approach could be developed into a therapeutic tool to prevent or slow neurodegenerative disease progression.

Nature. Increased CSF drainage by non-invasive manipulation of cervical lymphatics, June 4, 2025

Delayed Clamping Saves Lives

Delayed Clamping Saves Lives

According to the Australian Placental Transfusion Study (APTS), a large international, multicenter randomized clinical trial published in The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health in 2021, delaying umbilical cord clamping for at least 60 seconds in very preterm infants (born before 30 weeks of pregnancy) significantly improved survival and developmental outcomes.

The study followed more than 1,500 preterm babies across 25 hospitals in seven countries and compared delayed cord clamping (60 seconds or more) with immediate clamping (within 10 seconds).

At the two-year follow-up, researchers found that delaying cord clamping reduced the relative risk of death or major disability in early childhood by 17%. Most notably, mortality before the age of two was reduced by 30% in the delayed group. In addition, 15% fewer infants required blood transfusions after birth.

The findings demonstrate that allowing an extra minute before clamping the cord can provide measurable, long-term survival benefits for very premature babies.